Adb fastboot download - For ADB, just select "Android ADB interface" instead of "Android Bootloader interface". 1. Gathering resources. The drivers from here. Driver files taken from here . Extract the downloaded file. 2. Installing drivers. Open the other file (DPInst_x86.exe).

 
Minimal ADB and Fastboot is a small tool (around 2 MB) whereas the Android SDK package comes as a 500 MB package. Considering that Minimal ADB and Fastboot .... Orca seattle card

Step 1 – Download the Minimal ADB and Fastboot setup.exe from the links above. Step 2 – Follow the installer’s instructions and select where you would like to …Static ARM adb and fastboot binaries for Android built with the NDK. Marshmallow removed adb from the /system/bin directory. For those wanting this functionality back, here’s a simple installer to push static compiles of adb and fastboot to /system/xbin and uses a command wrapper to point adb to the correct HOME directory and set TMPDIR for …Apr 28, 2014 ... Hello everyone, I've been working on an android tool which helps with some (basic) stuff in ADB and Fastboot. Features: Install adb and ...Jun 30, 2019 · 1. Download ADB_&_Fastboot++_vXXX.exe 2. Follow the Installers Instructions and select where you would like to install ADB & Fastboot++ 3. After the Installation Wizard has completed you can select to start ADB & Fastboot++ 4. You should see a Command Window open, now you can use ADB and Fastboot Commands Dec 29, 2013 · AIO - ADB, Fastboot and also Drivers Easy to install - just run it and program will guide you Clean - ADB and Google Drivers from latest SDK Install process: 1. Run it (Require administrator privileges) 2. Press Y/Yes to install ADB and Fastboot or N/No to skip 3. Press Y/Yes to install ADB system-wide or N/No for current user only 4. Minimal ADB and Fastboot is a small tool (around 2 MB) whereas the Android SDK package comes as a 500 MB package. Considering that Minimal ADB and Fastboot ...In order to use ADB and Fastboot on your Chromebook, you'll need to use something called Crosh---short for "Chrome Shell." Think of it as a sort of lightweight terminal just for Chrome OS. There are a couple of ways to access Crosh. To open it in a full browser window, just hit Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard.Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction. Type ‘Y’ if you want to install ...Download and install the ADB drivers manually. 1. Go to the Android SDK Platform Tools website and click on the Download SDK Platform-tools for Windows option. 2. When prompted, check the terms and condition checkbox and click the Download Android SDK Platform-Tools for Windows button. 3.Install Oneplus 5 ADB drivers with One Click. As we already mention above to root, Unlock Oneplus 5 you need to install the ADB and Fastboot drivers. You can setup these files with one click on your …Apr 12, 2023 · fastboot Flashes a device with platform and other system images. For flashing instructions, see Factory Images for Nexus and Pixel Devices. logcat Invoked by adb to view app and system logs. Android Emulator. Located in: android_sdk/emulator/ See Android Emulator release notes for more information. Download Minimal ADB and Fastboot, Minimal ADB and Fastboot là công cụ hữu ích giúp người dùng khắc phục lỗi hay tinh chỉnh mọi thứ trên thiết bị Android.Mar 3, 2021 ... Download Mini ADB & Fastboot with Drivers ... This is a special program that is used to communicate an Android smartphone with a computer. Need to ...Apr 6, 2018 ... Minimal ADB and Fastboot, free download for Windows. Lightweight tool for debugging and unlocking Android devices via USB.In order to use ADB and Fastboot on your Chromebook, you'll need to use something called Crosh---short for "Chrome Shell." Think of it as a sort of lightweight terminal just for Chrome OS. There are a couple of ways to access Crosh. To open it in a full browser window, just hit Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard.15 seconds ADB Installer v1.4.3 ADB, Fastboot and Drivers What is this? This is All-in-One installer for 3 most needed PC tools for Android. No need to download big SDK for 3 small things. I originaly made it for my Kurdish friend AnGrY DuDe in...May 9, 2012 ... CÁC LỆNH CƠ BẢN DÙNG TRONG FASTBOOT VỚI ADB TOOL Đối với người dùng Android thì ADB TOOL là một công cụ rất hay dùng để làm các việc như ...Jun 10, 2013 · To simply the process I created a windows installer that will install the latest version of ADB and Fastboot for you quickly and easily. The total installation of Minimal ADB and Fastboot is around 2 MB in size (Compared to the 90+ MB size of the Android SDK Tools, and 425+ MB size of the complete Android SDK) making it very lightweight. Click ... Dec 14, 2023 · Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction. Type ‘Y’ if you want to install ... Sorted by: 25. Yes you can. Firstly, you'll need a program that can partially download contents of zip files from the internet. Once that's set up, go to the SDK download page and grab the link to the SDK. In the zip file, navigate to "android-sdk-windows\tools". From there, select only "adb.exe", "AdbWinApi.dll" and "AdbWinUsbApi.dll".Universal ADB Drivers. One size fits all Windows Drivers for Android Debug Bridge. Download Drivers; Source Code; Want to view and control your Android on your PC?ADB y FastBoot son dos herramientas que pueden ayudarte a salvar tu teléfono cuando parezca que ya no tiene solución. Antes venían como parte del software Android SDK o Android Studio, por lo que era necesario bajar estos enormes programas de cientos de MB de tamaño. Ahora se pueden descargar de forma independiente y en …Apr 25, 2023 · Open a command window in the folder by holding Shift, right-clicking an empty spot in the folder, and selecting Open command prompt/PowerShell here. Then you can start using ADB. Connect your ... Download the ADB and Fastboot tool and Install it on your PC. Download ADB and Fastboot tool What is ADB? ADB or Android Debug Bridge is a small debug tool that you will find in the Android Software Development Kit (SDK). It is basically a command-line tool that does the communication between your Android device and a computer. …1. Перейдите на официальный сайт, откуда можно скачать Android SDK: https://developer.android.com/studio/index.html. Спуститесь вниз страницы к разделу …Feb 9, 2018 · Download GApps, Roms, Kernels, Themes, Firmware, and more. Free file hosting for all Android developers. minimal_adb_fastboot_v1.4.3_setup.exe | by shimp208 for Utilities Download Vivo USB Driver for Windows. Updated on February 8, 2024 by Ravi Patel. Vivo USB Driver allows you to connect your Vivo smartphone and tablets to the computer without installing the Vivo PC Suite Application. It also allows you to flash or install Vivo Stock Firmware on your Vivo Device using the preloader drivers.Link diretti al download di ADB e Fastboot. Ed ecco, finalmente, i link al download di ADB e Fastboot. Sono link diretti, quindi una volta cliccati partirà direttamente il download dai server di Google. Che dire, non mi resta che lasciarvi ai link e augurarvi…. Buon modding! LA AMO! Sedia GAMING – Ufficio di QUERSUS.Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction.Dec 14, 2023 · Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction. Type ‘Y’ if you want to install ... Apr 24, 2023 ... Hướng dẫn tải và mở cửa sổ nhập lệnh adb fastboot | Cách sử dụng câu lệnh adb fastboot cơ bản ... Sử dụng ADB & Fastboot Tool để GỠ CÀI ĐẶT Các ...Step 1 – Download the Minimal ADB and Fastboot setup.exe from the links above. Step 2 – Follow the installer’s instructions and select where you would like to …Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction.Dec 12, 2023 · Now click on the Have Disk button. After that, click on the Browse button. Then navigate to the folder where you have extracted the Fastboot Drivers, select the android_winusb.inf file, and click Open. After that, click OK to load these drivers. Windows will now bring up the Android Bootloader Interface Drivers. Select it and click Next. This opens the below screen . Go to the System settings. This would be the first option in the list as seen in the screenshot here. In the About screen scroll down on the right until you see Advanced System Setting. In the Properties screen scroll down to the Advanced System Settings . Click the link. adb is like a “Swiss-army knife” of Android development. It provides numerous functions that are described in detail by the command adb --help. Some of the more commonly used commands are listed in the “popular adb commands” section below. Installing adb and fastboot. Google hosts zips including only adb and fastboot. You can set these ... Nov 30, 2020 ... In this video tutorial, you will learn How to install the ADB and FASTBOOT driver on windows 10/8/7 PC. ▻Download links for SDK platform ...Download the ZTE ADB FASTBOOT MODEM Drivers zip file and unzip the driver folder on your pc now Open Device Manager by running “ devmgmt.msc .”. 4. Now connect your device and select Unknown, adb, fastboot device by right click ⇒ Update driver. 5. Browse the driver folder and install it. 6. Once the ZTE USB Driver installation …Universal ADB Drivers. One size fits all Windows Drivers for Android Debug Bridge. Download Drivers; Source Code; Want to view and control your Android on your PC?Install ADB on Windows. Firstly, download the ADB Platform Tools for Windows from Google’s official page. Once downloaded, extract the contents of this file on your Windows PC using a file archiver utility like WinRAR. Now head over to the extracted folder, and click on the address bar. Now, type “cmd” and hit enter.Download the ADB and Fastboot tool and Install it on your PC. Download ADB and Fastboot tool What is ADB? ADB or Android Debug Bridge is a small debug tool that you will find in the Android Software Development Kit (SDK). It is basically a command line tool that does the communication between your Android device and a computer. …Feb 18, 2023 · This is how it is to be done: Step 1 – Download and Install Java Platform (JDK) from Java SE Software Development Kit (SDK) downloads page. Once installed, proceed to the next step. Step 2 – Download Android Studio (android-studio-XXXX.X.X.XX-windows.exe) from the Android Developers website to your computer. This is how it is to be done: Step 1 – Download and Install Java Platform (JDK) from Java SE Software Development Kit (SDK) downloads page. Once installed, proceed to the next step. Step 2 – Download Android Studio (android-studio-XXXX.X.X.XX-windows.exe) from the Android Developers website to your computer.Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction.Samsung Galaxy S20 ADB Fastboot Tool: If you have bought this device and want to try some other custom ROM or recovery. Then you may need this ADB Fastboot driver on your PC. Though you have to Unlock Bootloader first, then this tool is really important. Download the ADB and Fastboot tool and Install it on your PC. …Below, you can download the latest Android SDK platform tools (zip) for Windows, Linux, and macOS directly from the Google servers. Using ADB and Fastboot commands, you can install, uninstall, debug, and emulate apps, enable and disable system settings, back up your data, push and full files, and remotely control your device from …Here is the guide to Download OnePlus 3 USB Drivers & ADB / Fastboot Drivers. Under Windows (7, 8.x or 10), when you plug your phone in USB slot, a new drive (CD) is mounted: all drivers are there, just use them and install. Of course, on your phone, you need to choose the 'MTP' option instead of the 'Charge' option in the top pull-down bar.Download adb fastboot 64 bit for free. System Utilities downloads - Android ADB Fastboot by Ruben Alamina and many more programs are available...Trường hợp bạn không thể download Minimal ADB and Fastboot, hãy thử tắt phần mềm quản lý tải file. Nếu vẫn không tải được file, bạn hãy xem lại thiết lập tường lửa trên máy tính của mình. Xem mục "Hướng dẫn tải về" để biết thêm cách xử lý vấn đề này. Hướng dẫn download Minimal ADB and Fastboot Với trình duyệt Chrome: ...Features of Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool: Easy to install: ADB and Fastboot with a user-friendly installer . Just below the onscreen instructions and tap Next. That’s all! Light weight: Total installation size is around 2MB while Android SDK occupies around 1.5~2GB after installation. Supports 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems.Normally, fastboot and adb tools are included as part of Android SDK, which is a complete development tool for Android developers. But for rooting, you do not ...Mar 26, 2023 · How to Use Fastboot. Fastboot works the same way as ADB, except you need to boot your phone into Fastboot mode instead of Android. You normally do this by holding a combination of the power and volume keys when the phone is powered off. Alternatively, use ADB and type adb reboot bootloader. After that it's the same. Feb 12, 2024 · Below, you can download the latest Android SDK platform tools (zip) for Windows, Linux, and macOS directly from the Google servers. Using ADB and Fastboot commands, you can install, uninstall, debug, and emulate apps, enable and disable system settings, back up your data, push and full files, and remotely control your device from your computer. Method 2: Root Android with ADB & Fastboot Commands. ... Head over to the Downloads folder on the Internal Storage, and copy the magisk_patched.img file and transfer it to the platform tools folder on your PC. This file is needed to root your Android device. Now, enter cmd in the address bar of platform tools and press Enter. This will …Connecting a device in ADB mode · Enable developer options in Android. MIUI: Go to Settings > About device and tap 'MIUI version' seven times to enable ...Hey, guys! Today we’ve got some great news for all of you! The new version of ADB & Fastboot tools has been released recently. Below we’ve listed download links for Windows, Linux and Mac OS …Mar 8, 2021 · Step 1. Download the latest Minimal ADB & Fastboot zip file from the downloads sections above. Step 2. Extract the downloaded zip file and launch the adb.exe file to begin the installation process. Step 3. Click on Next until you see the “Installation path” screen which asks to specify the folder you want to install the ADB files, by ... Download the latest USB drivers from the download section above for One Plus 5 (Universal OnePlus USB Drivers) Step 2. Once the Zip file is downloaded, unzip that (extract) using 7zip or WinRAR app. Step 3. Now Go to the unzipped folder, there will be a .exe file and run that file (it will run as administrator) Step 4.Step 1: Starting with let’s download ADB Installer setup file by XDA member @Snoop05. It not just installs ADB but it also installs fastboot and USB drivers within a short span of 15 seconds. Step 2: And then run the Exe file adb-setup.exe. Step 3: Then look at command window, and follow the instruction. Type ‘Y’ if you want to install ...Jan 8, 2019 · Steps to Use and Execute ADB Commands. Having downloaded the latest SDK Platform-Tools.zip file, just extract it on your desktop. Open the extracted folder, and launch a command window inside the “platform-tools” folder and execute the desired ADB and Fastboot commands. There are two ways to open the command window from a folder window. Download GApps, Roms, Kernels, Themes, Firmware, and more. Free file hosting for all Android developers. ... Download fastboot_adb(1.0.32)_071114_r21.rar. for the HTC U11, by Golv. Click Here to Start Download. No wait time for you! Download right away. 0 secs. Download Information. 242K+Download Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool. Minimal ADB Fastboot Application is compatible with all versions of Windows OS, including Windows XP to …In order to use ADB and Fastboot on your Chromebook, you'll need to use something called Crosh---short for "Chrome Shell." Think of it as a sort of lightweight terminal just for Chrome OS. There are a couple of ways to access Crosh. To open it in a full browser window, just hit Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard.Jan 6, 2017 · After years of bundling ADB and Fastboot binaries with the Android SDK, Google is finally allowing users to download the binaries without having to download the entirety of Android Studio. Open the Minimal ADB Fastboot.exe to launch the Setup Window: Once the Setup window is launched, Click on the Next Button: Again, Click on the Next button: Click on the Next button (optional: in this step you can change the location of the installation): Click on the Next button (optional: in this step you can change the Start Menu’s Folder ...دانلود ++ADB & Fastboot | دریافت و نصب درایورهای اندروید در ویندوز | ADB & Fastboot++ 1.0.6 نام یک ابزار کوچک و مبتنی بر خط فرمان است که یک روش ساده و آسان را برای دانلود و نصب درایورهای اندروید در دسترس شما قرار می‌دهد. با این ابزار، شما با سهولت بسیار می‌توانید تازه‌ترین نسخه‌های ADB / Fastboot ...Dec 10, 2022 · Key Takeaways. To install and use Android Debug Bridge Utility (ADB), download the platform tools from the ADB page and extract them anywhere. Open the Settings app on your phone, go to the "System" page, tap the build button seven times, and connect your phone to your PC. Open PowerShell, navigate to the platform tools folder, then run any adb ... Download & Install ADB, Fastboot on Windows 10 · Select Browse my computer for Driver Software. · Now Navigate to the driver folder using the browse button.Feb 8, 2022 ... 1. Download the ADB and Fastboot drivers setup file here, and save it on your Windows desktop. · 2. After that Double-click/Run the adb-setup.exe ...Features of Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool: Easy to install: ADB and Fastboot with a user-friendly installer . Just below the onscreen instructions and tap Next. That’s all! Light weight: Total installation size is around 2MB while Android SDK occupies around 1.5~2GB after installation. Supports 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems.If fastboot mode is not getting detected after installation, just connect your phone in fastboot mode and then run the installer tool again. Google Chrome may give false warning while downloading the file, click on keep to download the file.Here are some of the steps to enable it. To boot fastboot mode, press Volume Down + Power Buttons concurrently for 3-4 seconds. Turn on the fastboot mode by pressing the volume up key only. ADB fastboot commands will let you restart your Android device into Bootloader mode or fastboot.Connect your LG V60 ThinQ to the PC via the original USB Cable. 3. Open the ADB folder, which will be located in this location C:\adb. 4. Now open CMD by typing “cmd” on Address Bar and Hit Enter, as shown in the screenshot below. 5. Once done on the Command Window, type the following commands. adb reboot bootloader.Download Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool Latest All Version. 15 Seconds ADB Installer tool is compatible with every version of Windows OS. This includes …Download Google USB Driver: usb_driver_r13-windows.zip. Step 2 – Connect your Android device to your computer with a USB cable. Step 3 – From Windows Explorer, open Computer Management. Step 4 – In the Computer Management left pane, select Device Manager. Step 5 – In the Device Manager right pane, locate and expand …Jun 26, 2016 ... Download GApps, Roms, Kernels, Themes, Firmware, and more. Free file hosting for all Android developers.STEP 2: Download Android SDK. This is the official ADB and Fastboot binary provided by Google and it will act as our working directory. Right from verifying the ADB connection to booting your TV to Fastboot, all this would be carried out taking the help of these binaries. So download and extract them to any convenient location on your PC. …Rebooter - Advanced rebooting options using ADB/Fastboot; Screenshot. Warning: Use the tool at your own risk. Removing factory apps which aren't in the tool may break your phone. Download the binary and the instructions from here. Frequently Asked Questions: Q: The tool doesn't launch on my computer, is there anything I should have installed?Installer: · Download ADB-and-Fastboot++_vXXX.exe · Follow the Installers Instructions and select where you would like to install ADB & Fastboot++ · After ...Что такое ADB? # Установка # Как использовать? # Команды ADB # Команды FastBoot # Отладка # Полезное Скачать: Platform-tools (adb & fastboot) …Nov 3, 2023 · Download Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool. Updated on November 3, 2023 by Editorial Staff. Minimal ADB and Fastboot Tool is a small application for Windows Computer that allows you to install the latest version of ADB and Fastboot files on the computer without installing the entire Android SDK package. Here on this page, we have shared the latest ... I tried without the "_2" which also does not work. I used fastboot getvar current-slot to determine which partition is correct. Things I've tried to troubleshoot: Running cmd as Administrator (im using win10) Confirmed OEM unlocking is turned on in the dev settings (it is, it says "bootloader is already unlocked" Confirmed USB debugging is onFeb 8, 2022 ... 1. Download the ADB and Fastboot drivers setup file here, and save it on your Windows desktop. · 2. After that Double-click/Run the adb-setup.exe ...Jun 26, 2016 ... Download GApps, Roms, Kernels, Themes, Firmware, and more. Free file hosting for all Android developers.Upon launching it checks if adb and fastboot have already been downloaded by it in the folder location I'm using. If no, it gives you 2 options, one to exit the script and one to download and run. If it does detect that it has already downloaded the tools, it will give you a third option to run the local version.

Link diretti al download di ADB e Fastboot. Ed ecco, finalmente, i link al download di ADB e Fastboot. Sono link diretti, quindi una volta cliccati partirà direttamente il download dai server di Google. Che dire, non mi resta che lasciarvi ai link e augurarvi…. Buon modding! LA AMO! Sedia GAMING – Ufficio di QUERSUS.. Tom segura garth

adb fastboot download

Jan 11, 2017 · To add ADB to your PATH variable, follow these steps: Open the Start menu and search for “advanced system settings.”. Click “View advanced system settings.”. Click the box that says ... Step 1 – Download the Minimal ADB and Fastboot setup.exe from the links above. Step 2 – Follow the installer’s instructions and select where you would like to …adb is like a “Swiss-army knife” of Android development. It provides numerous functions that are described in detail by the command adb --help. Some of the more commonly used commands are listed in the “popular adb commands” section below. Installing adb and fastboot. Google hosts zips including only adb and fastboot.15 seconds ADB Installer v1.4.3 ADB, Fastboot and Drivers What is this? This is All-in-One installer for 3 most needed PC tools for Android. No need to download big SDK for 3 small things. I originaly made it for my Kurdish friend AnGrY DuDe in...Download ADB and Fastboot Driver for Windows (x64, x86) from Google LLC. Learn how to install and use it to connect your Android devices and flash stock ROM or custom …Make sure you have the ADB/Fastboot driver installed on your PC. Install Oracle: 8 or later OR OpenJDK: 11 or later from the link above. For Linux users, install openjdk-11-jdk or openjdk-11-jre on Linux distributions. Download the Xiaomi ADB/Fastboot tools from the link provided above. Extract the file and launch the .jar file. That's all guys.1. Перейдите на официальный сайт, откуда можно скачать Android SDK: https://developer.android.com/studio/index.html. Спуститесь вниз страницы к разделу …Apr 6, 2018 · Download and installation of this PC software is free and 1.4.3 is the latest version last time we checked. What version of Windows can Minimal ADB and Fastboot run on? Minimal ADB and Fastboot can be used on a computer running Windows 11 or Windows 10. Previous versions of the OS shouldn't be a problem with Windows 8 and Windows 7 having been ... Jun 26, 2016 ... Download GApps, Roms, Kernels, Themes, Firmware, and more. Free file hosting for all Android developers.Nov 26, 2019 · Se pueden bajar desde los enlaces a continuación, que se mantendrán actualizados con la última versión de estas herramientas. Esta es una tremenda ventaja porque ahora solo es necesario descargar su pequeño tamaño cada vez que haya una nueva versión y ya no los pesados SDK y Android Studio. Descargar ADB y Fastboot (parte de las SDK ... This is the 15 Seconds ADB Installer Reborn! Features: Built-in Updater- A powerful and stable built-in updater insures you with the latest updates for ADB/Fastboot, the installer itself, and Google Drivers. Compact and Light- Coming in at only 10MB the installer is light, portable, reliable, and powerful!OnePlus 3/3T Download and Install OnePlus 3 USB Drivers & ADB / Fastbo ... Here is the guide to Download OnePlus 3 USB Drivers & ADB / Fastboot Drivers. ... Under ...Download mfastboot and ADB Tools for Motorola. These tools are used to communicate with Lenovo Moto / Motorola phones with a computer by USB cable. These are simple programs that give access to the phone by ADB interface or fastboot mode. File name. Size. Last modified. mfastboot and ADB Tools for Motorola. 1.09 MB.There are 4 ways to boot Samsung Galaxy smartphones and tablets into the Download mode. Using hardware key combination. Samsung 300K Tool or Samsung Download Mode tool. Using ADB command. Using the ADB AppControl tool. The last two methods can boot your device into the Download Mode without pressing the keys or ….

Popular Topics